Monocalypt, generally free of insect pests. Victoria and NSW in lower ranges and tablelands on poor dry soils, prefer low humidity, cold to -8C. Medium sized tree with rough fibrous stringy bark, timber is red, most suited to above ground exterior uses. Forms a lignotuber. Recommend planting in early Spring after chance of frosts.

Central & Southern Europe, N.W. Africa & S.W. Asia. Medium sized deciduous pioneer species. Tolerates dry and hot soils but best growth on deep moist soils, casting a heavy shade. Can be pollarded for stock feed. Buds pale brown, Leaves with 7-13 narrow leaflets, purplish autumn colour on some trees. Flowers in early spring, developing into bunches of brown samaras. Timber inferior in strength & elasticity to F. excelsior.

E.USA. Broadly columnar, deciduous. Thornless variety producing long brown pods which are edible by stock. Yellow leaves in autumn. Light shade with fairly open crown. Wood is hard & coarse grained. The red-brown heartwood is very durable.

Broadly spreading, deciduous. Smooth green husk and nearly smooth shelled nut. Large compound leaves. Wood heavy, hard dark brown and rather coarse grained. Fairly rare in NZ.