Broadly conical, evergreen. Withstands wind well, including salt laden winds in Westland. Good Kiwifruit shelter where it is trimmed annually to 0.5m width. Suggested spacing 1.5 to 2.5m . Major timber tree in Japan. Less vigorous in colder drier South Island areas. 2 years old.

Mexican Highlands. Broadly conical, evergreen, Canker resistant, light branching, freedom from fluting, timber paler compared with C. macrocarpa. Little density variation with age. Not suited to coastal areas. Shelter spacing 2m, clipped hedge or shelter 1.5m. Not suitable where pregnant cows graze.

NZ white pine. Narrowly conical for many years, evergreen. Will tolerate very wet sites and grow in drier sites with good grass control. Tolerates shade but does best with blue sky above. Shade the trunk with shrubs to prevent sun scorch. Long lived. 2 years old.

Britain, Europe, Caucasus & Alborz Mts. (Iran). Broadly columnar, deciduous tree with stout greenish-grey shoots with jet black buds. Leaves with 7-13 coarsely serrate leaflets, late into leaf & early to fall. Flowers before the leaves, developing into bunches of 'keys'. Vigorous grower, best on deep moist to wet soils but tolerates much drier soils, enjoys limestone. Valuable light coloured hardwood timber for tool handles, sports goods, and joinery. Steams and bends well. Coppices readily, producing straight poles and rods. Great firewood, burns cut green.