Britain, Europe, Caucasus & Alborz Mts. (Iran). Broadly columnar, deciduous tree with stout greenish-grey shoots with jet black buds. Leaves with 7-13 coarsely serrate leaflets, late into leaf & early to fall. Flowers before the leaves, developing into bunches of 'keys'. Vigorous grower, best on deep moist to wet soils but tolerates much drier soils, enjoys limestone. Valuable light coloured hardwood timber for tool handles, sports goods, and joinery. Steams and bends well. Coppices readily, producing straight poles and rods. Great firewood, burns cut green.

Narrowly conical when young, evergreen. Masses of very small white flowers Dec/Jan, worked by bees. Tolerates exposed, cold and low fertility sites. Useful nurse tree for native revegetation projects.

Collected from seed from the natural crossing of many different known female parent trees. Seed is collected from Proseed orchards established from 2007-2011. Topped @ maximum height 40cm.

N America. A hybrid of P. orientalis x P. occidentalis. Broadly columnar, deciduous. Trunk often continuous right through the crown. Bark flakes in large plates. Leaves up to 25cm across. Withstands city pollution. Good furniture timber.